Looking Back at the Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103

On December 21, 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 people on board as well as 11 on the ground. Though it was almost immediately evident that a bomb had caused the disaster, it took more than eleven years to bring anyone to trial. What happened to the plane? Why would someone plant a bomb on Flight 103? Why did it take eleven years to have a trial? The Explosion Pan Am Flight 103 taxied out of the gate at Heathrow Airport in London at 6:04 p.m. on December 21, 1988, four days before Christmas. The 243 passengers and 16 crew members were preparing themselves for a relatively long flight to New York. After taxying for a few minutes, Flight 103, on a Boeing 747, took off at 6:25 p.m. They had no idea that they only had 38 more minutes to live. By 6:56 p.m., the plane had reached 31,000 feet. At 7:03 p.m., the plane exploded. Control had just been issuing Flight 103s clearance to start its oceanic segment of their journey to New York when Flight 103s blip went off their radar. Seconds later the one large blip was replaced with multiple blips traveling downwind. For the residents of Lockerbie, Scotland, their nightmare was just about to begin. It was like meteors falling from the sky, described resident Ann McPhail ( Newsweek, Jan. 2, 1989, pg. 17). Flight 103 was over Lockerbie when it exploded. Many residents described the sky lighting up and a large, deafening roar. They soon saw pieces of the plane as well as pieces of bodies landing in fields, in backyards, on fences, and on rooftops. Fuel from the plane was already on fire before it hit the ground; some of it landed on houses, making the houses explode. One of the planes wings hit the ground in the southern area of Lockerbie. It hit the ground with such impact that it created a crater 155 feet long, displacing approximately 1500 tons of dirt. The nose of the airplane landed mostly intact in a field about four miles from the town of Lockerbie. Many said the nose reminded them of a fishs head cut off from its body. Wreckage was strewn over 50 square miles. Twenty-one of Lockerbies houses were completely destroyed and eleven of its residents were dead. Thus, the total death toll was 270 (the 259 aboard the plane plus the 11 on the ground). Why Was Flight 103 Bombed? Though the flight held passengers from 21 countries, the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 hit the United States especially hard. Not only because 179 of the 259 people on board were Americans, but because the bombing shattered Americas sense of safety and security. Americans, in general, felt trodden upon by the unknown danger of terrorism. Though there is no doubt of the horror of this crash, this bomb, and its aftermath was just the most recent in a string of similar events. As revenge for the bombing of a Berlin nightclub where two U.S. personnel were killed, President Ronald Reagan ordered the bombing of Libyas capital Tripoli and the Libyan city of Benghazi in 1986. Some people think that bombing Pan Am Flight 103 was in retaliation for these bombings. In 1988, the USS Vincennes (a U.S. guided missile cruiser) shot down an Iranian passenger jet, killing all 290 people on board. There is little doubt that this caused as much horror and sorrow as the explosion on Flight 103. The U.S. government claims that the USS Vincennes mistakenly identified the passenger plane as an F-14 fighter jet. Other people believe that the bombing over Lockerbie was in retaliation for this disaster. Right after the crash, an article in Newsweek stated, It would be up to George Bush to decide whether, and how, to retaliate (Jan. 2, 1989, pg. 14). Does the United States have any more right to retaliate than do the Arab countries? The Bomb After investigators had interviewed over 15,000 people, examined 180,000 pieces of evidence, and researched in more than 40 countries, there is some understanding as to what blew up Pan Am Flight 103. The bomb was made out of the plastic explosive Semtex and was activated by a timer. The bomb was hidden in a Toshiba radio-cassette player which in turn, was inside a brown Samsonite suitcase. But the real problem for investigators has been who put the bomb in the suitcase and how did the bomb get on the plane? The investigators believe they received a big break when a man and his dog were walking in a forest about 80 miles from Lockerbie. While walking, the man found a T-shirt which turned out to have pieces of the timer in it. Tracing the T-shirt as well as the maker of the timer, investigators felt confident they knew who bombed Flight 103: Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed al-Megrahi and Al Amin Khalifa Fhimah. Eleven Years of Waiting The two men whom investigators believe are the bombers were in Libya. The United States and the United Kingdom wanted the men tried in an American or British court, but Libyan dictator Muammar Qaddafi refused to extradite them. The U.S. and the U.K. were angry that Qaddafi would not turn over the wanted men, so they approached the United Nations Security Council for help. To pressure Libya into turning over the two men, the Security Council imposed sanctions over Libya. Though hurting financially from the sanctions, Libya continually refused to turn over the men. In 1994, Libya agreed to a proposal that would have the trial held in a neutral country with international judges. The U.S. and the U.K. refused the proposal. In 1998, the U.S. and the U.K. offered a similar proposal but with Scottish judges rather than international ones. Libya accepted the new proposal in April 1999. Though the investigators were once confident that these two men were the bombers, there proved to be many holes in the evidence. On January 31, 2001, Megrahi was found guilty of murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Fhimah was acquitted. On August 20, 2009, the UK gave Megrahi, who suffered from terminal prostate cancer, a compassionate release from prison so that he could go back to Libya to die amongst his family. Nearly three years later, on May 20, 2012, Megrahi died in Libya.

The Women s Rights Movement - 1091 Words

Throughout American history, women have constantly been suppressed. It was believed overall that women were not supposed to work, but to stay home, cook, clean, make clothes, and take care of the child(ren). Basically, a woman was considered her husband’s property. It was not until 1920s that women were finally able to get the rights they deserve, such as birth control, new divorce laws, and ultimately the right to vote, which was the main focus of the Women’s Rights Movement. This movement consisted of many organizations, such as the National Woman Suffrage Association for example, coming together and holding protests, riots, and seminars where women were able to express their wants to politicians. Congress finally passing an amendment giving women the right to vote allowed them to get other things they deserved such as access to higher education and improved working conditions. Women prior to this, such as Susan B. Anthony and Eleanor Roosevelt, attempted to get women the rights they deserve. There were numerous social movements prior to the 1920s that attempted to get women’s’ rights recognized by the American government. They were the platform for the Women’s Rights Movements. Even though they are numerous women known for their efforts during the 18th and 19th centuries, they were never able to accomplish the goals that women suffrage activists accomplished in the 20th century. Women finally getting the right to vote gave them an unspoken confidence and a sense ofShow MoreRelatedThe Women s Rights Movement702 Words   |  3 Pagesthat the women’s rights movement in the United States failed to accomplish its goals in the early –mid 19th century because the slavery issue was never resolved is unfounded. In the early-mid 19th century, women began to demand change in American society, as they challenged the traditional roles of women politically, socially, and economically. - political, social, and economic change {Challenged the traditional views of women - pushed the boundaries – public sphere/life of women changed dramaticallyRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement874 Words   |  4 Pages1848 to 1920, the women’s rights movement demonstrated the first true act of feminism, founded by a group of women rights activists to combat against women’s suffrage in the United States. By the 1960’s radical feminists also known as the woman’s liberation movement once again took up the fight for equality amongst men and woman, yet by the late 1990’s early 2000’s it had begun to change, losing its primary focus of fighting for a woman’s right, and becoming a burden on women today. The blowback fromRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmen and women, the women’s rights movement in Pakistan has just begun. People are starting to protest against discriminations that women face in their daily lives that disable them from having a voice in society. Some of these discriminations involve men being able to divorce their wives without her consent, women’s voices having half the weight of a man’s in court, and female heirs inheriting less money or property than a male heir (â€Å"Sharia†, 9). Groups like the Pakistani Women’s Rights OrganizationRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesthat occurs is that women were never given the opportunity to voice their opinion on what kind of job that they should do. In addition, voting at this point of time for women was quite impractical. The wartime was a difficult time for women who wanted to capitalize on an opportunity. They wanted a job to prove to men that they are much stronger. However, there was hope when the U.S. woman’s rights movement began. A woman by the name of Elizabeth Cady Stanton started the movement at Seneca Falls, NewRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1366 Words   |  6 PagesW omen’s Rights Movement The equality women have today did not just happen over night.In this passage there will be evidence of an impowering fight that women over came to say WE ARE IMPORTANT TO!! All the brave strong women that fought this battle, along with the obstacles women still face today.Also the surprising fact that women’s rights also consists of racism and sexual orientation.This movement was necessary, and is truly an accomplishment in history. The first outbreak of confidentRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1547 Words   |  7 PagesFlorida SouthWestern State College The Women’s Rights Movement What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention on the Women’s Rights Movement? Jennifer Flores AMH2010 Mr. Stehlin 16 November 2015 The Women’s Rights Movement began in 1848 with the first assembly of women and men gathering to discuss the civil, social, and other conditions of women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the women’s movement. The two women who organized this event were Lucretia Mott andRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1420 Words   |  6 Pageswomen’s rights movement in the United States in the early –mid 19th century did not fail to accomplish its goals, as slavery was not an issue women wanted to resolve (address?) In the early-mid 19th century, some women began to demand change in American society (as they challenged the traditional roles of women politically, socially, and economically?) -political, social, and economic change {challenged the traditional views of women - pushed the boundaries – public sphere/life of women changedRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1620 Words   |  7 Pageshas improved over the last several years in the broader culture and by police, self-blame and shame has persisted among victims, leaving them just as unwilling to come forward.†(Gray. para. 10) The women’s rights movement is still going strong, and there have been major accomplishments for women within the last several decades. In 1968, the fair housing act made it no longer possible for a woman to be turned down by a landlord based solely on her being female. In 1986, the legal definition of ‘sexualRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Women’s Rights Movement, 1848–1920 1. â€Å"The first gathering devoted to women’s rights in the United States was held July 19–20, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York.† 2. Principal organizers : Elizabeth Cady Stanton (a mother of four, the Quaker, abolitionist ) 3. Social and institutional barriers that limited women’s rights: family responsibilities, a lack of educational and economic opportunities, and the absence of a voice in political debates. 4. Stanton and Anthony created the National WomanRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1813 Words   |  8 PagesOver a hundred years ago, one event created chaos among gender roles and here are some of the initial factors of how rights for women started as a predicament which later began to evolve into a much larger problem that involved many people around the nations. Over the course of history, many issues had change the world to what it has become today. Many problems led to social, economic, and other changes. One small event is able to cause more obstacles, which eventually leads to larger complications

God Must Be Crazy free essay sample

The movie â€Å"The gods must be crazy† shows how cultures differ in every place, particularly the inhabitants of Kalahari Desert and the civilized people in the city. The movie the Gods Must Be Crazy is about cultural diffusion. People of Kalahari Desert lived a very simple life far from the cruelty of people. The Bushmen were of the Hunter-Gatherer Society meaning that one would not rely on domestic resources to obtain edible food, plants, and even animals but they would use their own tools and advantages to attain such things. They were very appreciative for what they were given on this earth and had a use for almost everything that benefited them for survival and happiness. They do not ask for more, instead they make use of things around them. I can even say that they are good people. On the other hand, the civilized people have a very different culture. We will write a custom essay sample on God Must Be Crazy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They even mess things up, like the people who invaded the city and killed innocent lives. In the beginning of the movie we are introduced to a tribe that is isolated from everything else. One of the tribe members happens to find an empty glass bottle that apparently fell from a plane, but the tribe member believes that it fell from the sky and that it was a gift from the gods. Excitedly he shows all the other tribe members the gift from the gods but none of them seem to know what it is. So they immediately find various uses for the bottle and it becomes used for everything. They used it to make music, chop food, but they never actually drank out of it. Due to its various uses everyone wanted to use the bottle but there was only one which caused them to have to share. Apparently they werent very used to sharing which caused arguments over who could use the bottle and they would end up hurting each other. Instantly they blamed the bottle for their fighting and the bottle went from being a gift from the gods to it being a punishment. The bottle was an example of cultural diffusion because it was spread from the city to an isolated civilization that was not familiar with it. Cultural    diffusion has occurred with many thing that we use now a days. For example our alphabet consists of 26 letters just like the Phoenician alphabet. Phoenician words are often found in Greek and Latin classical literatures. Egyptian, Akkadian, Arabic, and Hebrew were also influenced by the Phoenician alphabet. Therefore now and back then cultural diffusion has influenced our lives mainly for the good.

The Structure of the Marketing Environment Essay Example

The Structure of the Marketing Environment Paper The consumer occupies the core/central position of all business activities and hence occupies the Centre of the marketing environment. The organization with its resources and having a policy and structure surrounds the consumer with its particular market offering as do its competitors, suppliers and other intermediaries. This micromanagement of marketing is again affected by the macro environment, which consists of the government, technical, political, social, economic factors. This is graphically represented by below 1 . The major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organizations decision making, and affect its performance and strategies. These factors include the economic factors; demographics; legal, political, and social conditions; technological changes; and natural forces. 2. Specific examples of macro environment influences include competitors, changes in interest rates, changes in cultural tastes, disastrous weather, or government regulations. PESTLE Macro Environmental Analysis PESTLE The PESTLE Analysis is a framework used to scan the organizations external macro environment. The letters stand for Political, Economic Socio-cultural, Technological, Legal and Environmental. Some approaches will add in extra factors, such as International, or remove some to reduce it to PEST. However, these are all merely variations on a theme. The important principle is identifying the key factors from the wider, uncontrollable external environment that might affect the organization. The PESTLE Factors We start with the Political forces. First of all, political factors refer to the stability of the political environment and the attitudes of political parties or movements. We will write a custom essay sample on The Structure of the Marketing Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Structure of the Marketing Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Structure of the Marketing Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This may manifest in government influence on tax policies, or government involvement in trading agreements. Political factors are inevitably entwined with Legal factors such as national employment laws, international trade regulations and restrictions, monopolies and mergers rules, and consumer protection. The difference between Political and Legal factors is that Political refers to attitudes and approaches, whereas gal factors are those which have become law and regulations. Legal needs to be complied with whereas Political may represent influences, restrictions or opportunities, but they are not mandatory. Economic factors represent the wider economy so may include economic growth rates, levels of employment ND unemployment, costs of raw materials such as energy, petrol and steel, interest rates and monetary policies, exchange rates and inflation rates. These may also vary from one country to another. Socio-cultural factors represent the culture of the society that an organization operates within. They may include demographics, age distribution, population growth rates, level of education, distribution of wealth and social classes, living conditions and lifestyle. Technological factors refer to the rate of new inventions and development, changes in information and mobile technology, changes in internet and e-commerce or even mobile commerce, and government spending on research. There is often a tendency to focus Technological developments on digital and internet-related areas, but it should also include materials development and new methods Of manufacture, distribution and logistics. Environmental impacts can include issues such as limited natural resources, waste disposal and recycling procedures. Additional Considerations A newer force which is gaining in importance is ethics. These can be defined by the set of moral principles and values that govern the actions and decisions of an individual or group. Ethics and morals serve as guidelines on how to act rightly and justly when individuals are faced with moral dilemmas. This force could include corporate social responsibility, fair trade, affiliation between corporations and charities. A particular problem may exist with how ethical factors relates to legal forces as they may be at different stages in development. Something may be ethical but not protected by law, whereas other activities may not be ethical, but are legal. A PESTLE analysis should feed into a SOOT analysis as it helps to determine the threats and opportunities represented by macro-environment forces that he organization usually cannot control. On an international basis, it is best to perform the analysis on a country-by-country basis because factors can differ greatly between countries (or even regions). Marketing Environment Micro The micro marketing environment consists of certain forces that are part of an organizations marketing process, but remain external to the organization. This micro marketing environment that surrounds organizations can be complex by nature; however the company has an element of control over how it operates within this environment. Marketing helps you to manage and aka sense of this complexity. The illustration above summarizes the order of the immediate external marketing environment that businesses operate in. Current and Potential Customers Your customers are vital to the growth and sustainability of your company. In order to grow you must locate customers, understand their needs and then satisfy those needs both efficiently and profitably. Competitors Your competitors however have the same remit as you when it comes to sourcing and satisfying the needs of the customer. They will make it difficult to liaise with customer groups, as by definition they are largely pursuing the name sets of customers as you. As a marketer, you must therefore not only monitor what competitors are doing in the external marketing environment today, but to also anticipate their likely response to your campaigns and to predict what they will do tomorrow. Intermediaries (Distributors/Wholesalers/ Retailers) Your business may require a network of wholesalers, distributors and/or retailer. These intermediaries provide an invaluable service in getting your products to the customer. You must therefore think carefully about how best to distribute your goods and build relationships. This area can be fierce in intention as not everyone can get access to the channels of distribution that they want. Suppliers One other important area to consider in the external marketing environment is your suppliers. A key supplier can be an important part of your business and may even attribute to your competitive advantage. Losing important suppliers can interrupt production flow or your competitive edge and prevent you from getting your product to your customers. Choice of suppliers, negotiation of terms and relationship building all become important tasks of the marketer. The wider marketing environment, discussed in a separate knowledge sheet, covers all other influences that might provide opportunities or threats to the organization. These include technological development, legal constraints, the economic environment and coloratura changes. This brief overview of the world in which companies operate in demonstrates that there are many relationships that matter. These need to be managed if the company is to conduct its business successfully. The main responsibility for managing these relationships lies within the marketing department. Using a SOOT SOOT is an important tool in auditing the external and internal environment f the organization. A SOOT Analysis should be more than a basic listing of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Most organizations have the same, common-sense type of threats, such as competitors, technological changes, regulation and deregulation, or weaknesses such as high price, but these are all very general, hard to control elements meaning the utility can be quite limited. As Cornfields Professor Malcolm McDonald puts it, real SHOTS should be more concise and specific.

General Custer Essays - Battle Of The Little Bighorn,

General Custer Hello and Welcome to Channel 7 news at 11:00. Today we have a Special Broadcast coming to us live from Washington D.C. We are going to join Bill Beutel in a couple of seconds. Ready Bill.....Ok we are now sending you live to Washington..... Bill: "Custer's Last Stand"...this rings a bell in the minds of many as you will see in tonight's segments..."Custer Stands Again". Tonight we will have a one on one, first time interview with General George Armstrong Custer. His death stirred up bitter controversy. Well he is with us today for one last chance to get to the bottom of everything. Let me introduce General George Armstrong Custer. Hello General. Custer: Hello Bill, how are you doing? Bill: Fine, and how are you? You are looking very good today. I am glad you took time out of your busy schedule to spend some time with us and our loyal viewers today. Custer: Thank You for the compliment Bill, you are looking good yourself. I myself have been on a Nutri System Diet and have lost 15 po unds, I feel like a new man. Bill: Ok we have a very short time slot here so lets get the most out of this once in a lifetime interview. Are you ready? Custer: I was born ready Bill. Go Ahead, Fire!!! Wait don't fire, I meant start asking your questions when your ready. All I have to do is answer them, you have the tough half in asking the questions. Bill: Ok, here goes, Are Those Bugle Boy Jeans that you are wearing!! Custer: Why yes, as a matter of fact they are. I bought them just for this show. I didn't seem to understand that question. Bill: I was just kidding, I was just trying to break the ice between us because we will be bordering on some very touchy matters. Ok then lets get straight to the point. What are were your personal feelings towards the Indians? Custer: I believed then and I believe now that they were uncivilized and just couldn't keep up with us Americans. They were also very dark due to the fact that they were squalid. They refused to wear normal clothing an d walked around half naked. They were inferior to us in more ways than others. Bill: That is a very harsh statement that you have stated. Can you back up that remark? Custer: Well of course I can, one that pops into my mind is their use of the Bow and Arrow compared to our more advanced fire power, rifles. How could they even stand a chance against us? For such ignorance they deserved what they received!!!!! Bill: Lets back up a little and go a little off the topic for a second, if you don't mind, can you summarize to us how you became what you were and are today? I would like to know and I am sure a lot of the viewers would like to know also. Custer: Ohh Boy, that's going back a long way but give me a minute. Ok, it started a long time ago when I was a young lad. I did not work hard at my studies. I graduated at the bottom of my class fro the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1861, and joined the Union Forces in the Civil War. I can honestly say that I was and still am very sm art but I never accerted myself, I guess you could say that I was lazy. Well, during the war I served with General McClellan in Virginia. In 1863 I was assigned to the cavalry and soon revealed daring and brilliance as an officer. As a result I was promoted quickly. When the war ended, I was made a lieutenant colonel and sent to Kansas to fight Indians. After that I did whatever I could to help the country and I soon became General. Well that was a lot to swallow I hope that you got it all. Bill: Wow, that was very interesting. Ok, when you were ruining the lives of Indians by killing them and herding them off their land, like cows, into unknown and uncharted reservations didn't

Free Essays on Changes in the Family

MAIN FINDINGS Out of Australia's 4.6 million children aged under eighteen, 1.1 million children live with only one of their natural parents, usually as a result of relationship or marriage breakdown. 18 per cent of children were in one-parent families and 8 per cent were in step or blended families. The vast majority of children, who had a natural parent living elsewhere, were in the sole care of the parent with whom they lived, while 3 per cent of children had parents who shared care more evenly between them. Younger children were likely to visit the parent they did not live with more frequently than older children. 42 per cent of families (199,200 one-parent families and 53,700 step and blended families) received cash child support from the other parent . A further 16 per cent of families received support such as clothing, pocket money and assistance with school fees. 41 per cent of families received no child support from the other parent. Around one-third of all families receiving cash child support received, on average, $100 or less per month per child. For one-parent families, the median income for families receiving child support was $18,200, while for those not receiving child support it was $16,900. For step and blended couple families, the median income for families receiving child support was $45,140, while for those not receiving child support it was $37,440. Preface The 1997 Family Characteristics Survey examined exchanges between children and parents who live apart, most often as a consequence of marriage or relationship breakdown. While administrative records of child support arrangements are maintained by the Child Support Agency, this was the first time that the ABS conducted a national survey of child support and visiting arrangements. Information includes frequency and duration of contact between chil... Free Essays on Changes in the Family Free Essays on Changes in the Family MAIN FINDINGS Out of Australia's 4.6 million children aged under eighteen, 1.1 million children live with only one of their natural parents, usually as a result of relationship or marriage breakdown. 18 per cent of children were in one-parent families and 8 per cent were in step or blended families. The vast majority of children, who had a natural parent living elsewhere, were in the sole care of the parent with whom they lived, while 3 per cent of children had parents who shared care more evenly between them. Younger children were likely to visit the parent they did not live with more frequently than older children. 42 per cent of families (199,200 one-parent families and 53,700 step and blended families) received cash child support from the other parent . A further 16 per cent of families received support such as clothing, pocket money and assistance with school fees. 41 per cent of families received no child support from the other parent. Around one-third of all families receiving cash child support received, on average, $100 or less per month per child. For one-parent families, the median income for families receiving child support was $18,200, while for those not receiving child support it was $16,900. For step and blended couple families, the median income for families receiving child support was $45,140, while for those not receiving child support it was $37,440. Preface The 1997 Family Characteristics Survey examined exchanges between children and parents who live apart, most often as a consequence of marriage or relationship breakdown. While administrative records of child support arrangements are maintained by the Child Support Agency, this was the first time that the ABS conducted a national survey of child support and visiting arrangements. Information includes frequency and duration of contact between chil...

The Humanity And Issues Related To It In Literature Essay

The Humanity And Issues Related To It In Literature - Essay Example The men at the hotel are wondering if they have also played some part in The Swede’s death. This paper criticizes two important quotations from the story, which I will connect to how I see humankind, and how I view the world. First, I will go into the detail of the quotation, â€Å"Every sin is a result of collaboration† (Crane). Crane has talked about collaboration in the sense that the characters of the story are interacting with each other. They talk to each other, and get into fights, due to which they hurt and kill each other. This is how sin is produced. However, I think that here, collaboration means that the society and the sinner are interacting with each other, where both are opposite to each other and are necessary for each other’s survival. If there is a virtue, there is a sin. If it is good, there is bad. If there are thieves, there are priests. If there are angels, there is Satan. So, both the opposite extremes exist, and become recognized for the opposite. So, when there is a collaboration between man and others are around him, there is either virtue or sin that is produced. This is how society will go on until the end of the world. Collaboration may also mean here that sin is produced with mutual agreement between two people, as Crane has shown the men at the hotel talking about how they had all taken part in killing Swede. Although many sins can be committed without the involvement of a second person; yet, here collaboration means sin committed with the help of two or more persons, who have interacted with each other and have planned to commit the sin. We know it because the Easterner explains it by saying, â€Å"We, five of us, have collaborated in the murder of this Swede.